As the effects of climate change become increasingly evident worldwide, coastal areas are among the most vulnerable regions. In Adriatic Albania, the rising sea levels, increased frequency of extreme weather events, and other climate-induced changes are posing significant challenges. This article delves into the key impacts of climate change on coastal areas in Adriatic Albania and outlines essential adaptation strategies to mitigate these effects.
Rising sea levels and extreme weather events accelerate coastal erosion along the Adriatic coastline. This phenomenon leads to the loss of valuable land, alters coastal landscapes, and causes significant damage to infrastructure. The natural beauty and functionality of coastal areas are under threat, necessitating urgent action to preserve them. Moreover, according to the 2010 UNDP report entitled “Protected Areas, Assessment of the Marine Biodiversity Gap and Legislation in Albania,” over a third of the Adriatic coastline is undergoing significant erosion, with an alarming rate of 1.59 meters per year. Projected sea level rise will bring higher flood risks to most coastal urban areas and increased coastal erosion risks. By 2030, approximately 1082.45 km² (32% of the area of coastal areas or 3.76% of the country’s area) will suffer the direct consequences of flooding. Most coastal habitats, such as sand dunes, freshwater and saltwater wetlands, marshes, and lagoons, will disappear or further deteriorate in status.
Human-caused activities, accompanied by the effects of climate change, are accelerating coastal erosion, threatening biodiversity, undermining the stability of ecosystems, and endangering the livelihoods of communities dependent on these coastal areas. On a more concentrated scale, the growing issue of coastal erosion along the Pishat e Buta, Mali i Robit (Golem) segment, as evidenced by extensive field investigations and official documentation, underscores an urgent need for immediate and strategic intervention. The advancing sea has not only critically affected urban infrastructures, such as boardwalks, but has also caused significant infrastructural damage, posing a major threat to both public safety and local communities. Evidence shows a deepening erosion progression of approximately 65 meters from 2007 to 2023, referenced from aerial photogrammetry and GeoPortal analyses.
Aquaculture, an industry in Adriatic Albania, faces severe challenges due to climate change. Changes in water temperature, salinity, and acidity can adversely affect the growth and survival of farmed species. These environmental shifts increase the susceptibility of aquaculture to diseases and reduce the productivity of these systems, threatening livelihoods and food security.
Tourism, a cornerstone of the coastal economy, is also at risk. Rising temperatures and extreme weather events can deter tourists, making coastal destinations less attractive. High temperatures and heat waves can make outdoor activities uncomfortable, while coastal erosion and habitat loss diminish the scenic and recreational value of these areas. As well as the other side of the coin, the increased pressure for investments in tourism in coastal areas, along with construction without proper criteria, has contributed to the worsening marine erosion situation.
Implementing robust coastal management and protection measures is crucial. Building sea walls/barriers, using sand nourishment, and restoring natural coastal barriers such as dunes and wetlands can help mitigate the effects of coastal erosion. These measures not only protect the coastline but also preserve its natural beauty and biodiversity.
Adopting Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture (IMTA) can enhance the resilience of aquaculture systems. IMTA promotes a balanced ecosystem by integrating different species that complement each other’s biological processes. Additionally, monitoring and early warning systems can help manage the impacts of extreme weather on aquaculture, ensuring timely interventions to protect the industry.
To sustain tourism, it is essential to diversify offerings beyond the peak summer season. Developing year-round attractions and promoting sustainable tourism practices can distribute tourist flows more evenly throughout the year. This approach not only mitigates the impact of extreme weather but also supports the local economy more consistently.
Enhancing the resilience of coastal infrastructure through improved design and construction standards is vital. Building structures that can withstand extreme weather events and rising sea levels ensures the safety and longevity of investments in coastal areas. Incorporating climate-resilient features in new developments and retrofitting existing structures can significantly reduce vulnerability.
Restoring and conserving coastal ecosystems, such as wetlands, can provide natural protection against sea-level rise and storm surges. These ecosystems act as buffers, absorbing the impact of waves and reducing erosion. Furthermore, they support biodiversity and offer recreational opportunities, contributing to the overall health and appeal of coastal areas.
Continuous monitoring of climate variables and integrating climate projections into regional planning and policy-making are essential for effective adaptation. Developing a comprehensive understanding of local climate trends allows for the creation of targeted strategies to address specific vulnerabilities. This proactive approach ensures that adaptation measures are timely and relevant.
Adapting strategies to the local socio-economic and environmental context of Albania is crucial. Involving local communities in planning and implementation enhances the effectiveness of adaptation measures. Tailoring strategies to local conditions ensures that they are practical and sustainable, fostering community support and participation.
Integrating climate adaptation strategies into national and regional policies in Albania provides a coordinated approach to addressing climate impacts. Collaboration with international organizations and neighboring countries can support knowledge sharing and resource mobilization. A unified policy framework ensures that efforts are aligned and resources are efficiently utilized.
Climate change presents formidable challenges to coastal areas in Adriatic Albania, but with comprehensive and well-implemented adaptation strategies, these impacts can be mitigated. By protecting the coastline, enhancing the resilience of key industries, and involving local communities in sustainable practices, Adriatic Albania can preserve its coastal heritage and secure a prosperous future.